Rosa Parks
Events Leading up to Boycott
This reading selection is another adaptation from a featured article at Wikipedia. These articles are what Wikipedian editors believe are the best articles in Wikipedia based on accuracy, neutrality, completeness, and style. As of 2006, when this page was created, approximately one in 1200 articles at Wikipedia met these criteria.
In 1944, athletic star Jackie Robinson took a similar stand in a confrontation with an Army officer in Fort Hood, Texas, refusing to move to the back of a bus. He was brought before a court-martial, which acquitted him. The NAACP had accepted and litigated other cases before, such as that of Irene Morgan ten years earlier, which resulted in a victory in the U.S. Supreme Court on Commerce Clause grounds. That victory, however, overturned state segregation laws only insofar as they applied to travel in interstate commerce, such as interstate bus travel. Black activists had begun to build a case around the arrest of a 15-year-old girl, Claudette Colvin, a student at Booker T. Washington High School in Montgomery. On March 2, 1955, Colvin was handcuffed, arrested and forcibly removed from a public bus when she refused to give up her seat to a white man. She screamed that her constitutional rights were being violated. At the time, Colvin was active in the NAACP's Youth Council, a group to which Rosa Parks served as Advisor.
Colvin recollected, "Mrs. Parks said, 'Always do what was right.'" Parks was raising money for Colvin's defense, but when E.D. Nixon learned that Colvin was pregnant, it was decided that Colvin was an unsuitable symbol for their cause. Soon after her arrest she had been impregnated by a much older married man, a moral transgression that scandalized the deeply religious black community. Strategists believed that the segregationist white press would use Colvin's pregnancy to undermine any boycott. Some historians have argued that civil rights leaders, who were predominantly middle class, were uneasy with Colvin's impoverished background. The NAACP also had considered, but rejected, earlier protesters deemed unable or unsuitable to withstand the pressures of cross-examination in a legal challenge to racial segregation laws. Colvin was also known to engage in verbal outbursts and cursing. Many of the legal charges against Colvin were dropped. A boycott and legal case never materialized from the Colvin case law, and legal strategists continued to seek a complainant beyond reproach.They didn't publicize Colvin's case because she was pregnant.
In Montgomery, Alabama, the first four rows of bus seats were reserved for white people. Buses had "colored" sections for black people—who made up more than 75 % of the bus system's riders—generally in the rear of the bus. These sections were not fixed in size, but were determined by the placement of a movable sign. Black people also could sit in the middle rows, until the white section was full. Then they had to move to seats in the rear, stand, or, if there was no room, leave the bus. Black people were not allowed to sit across the aisle from white people. The driver also could move the "colored" section sign, or remove it altogether. If white people were already sitting in the front, black people could board to pay the fare, but then had to disembark and reenter through the rear door. There were times when the bus departed before the black customers who had paid made it to the back entrance.
For years, the black community had complained that the situation was unfair, and Parks was no exception: "My resisting being mistreated on the bus did not begin with that particular arrest… I did a lot of walking in Montgomery." Parks had her first run-in on the public bus on a rainy day in 1943, when the bus driver, James Blake, demanded that she get off the bus and reenter through the back door. As she began to exit by the front door, she dropped her purse. Parks sat down for a moment in a seat for white passengers, apparently to pick up her purse. The bus driver was enraged and barely let her step off the bus before speeding off. Rosa walked more than five miles home in the rain.
If you found this interesting and would like to read more about Rosa Parks and her life, please click here to read the fourth section. If you are not interested, please use the link below to return to our Reading Selections page. We hope you can find other reading at our site that interests you. If not, we suggest that you venture out on the Internet to find something that does interest you. There is a lot of reading out there waiting for you. Look hard enough and you will definitely find something!
Return to ALS Reading Selections page.
This page on Rosa Parks is a modified section from an article at Wikipedia.
See the original article at Wikipedia by clicking here. According to the Wikipedia copyright, or leftright as it can also be called, this modified section can be used or modified as you like, as long as links are provided to both Wikipedia and Aaron Language Services to give us credit for our work.
We hope you learned from and enjoyed this page of the Rosa Parks Reading Selection. Reading should entertain you, help you to study, and improve your English reading. Reading is the heart of English education. If you did not enjoy this page, we hope you will look elsewhere for reading that you can enjoy. Look for reading that is right for you until you find it. Do so and you can reap the rewards of your English reading. Improve your reading and your other English skills will improve too. Happy Reading!
日本における英語翻訳、英文校正、他言語翻訳、他言語校正などの代表者連絡先 ： honyaku@aaronlanguage.com
サンフランシスコに拠点を置く翻訳 （ 英語、日英、英日、和英、英和、他言語、論文翻訳等 ）、英文校正 ( 英文校閲 )、他言語校正、英文ライティング指導 （ 自由英作文トレーニング 英文作成 / 書き方 指導 対策講座 添削のオンライン通信講座、英文通信講座、英語学習 ） 等の総合サービス。
英語 （ 和英、英和翻訳 ） の他にもドイツ語、フランス語、スペイン語、イタリア語、ロシア語、オランダ語、ギリシャ語、フィンランド語、スウェーデン語、デンマーク語、ノルウェー語など多言語の翻訳と校正に対応。
アーロン ランゲージ サービスは文学、医療、医学、法律、契約 （ 契約書 ）、行政、政治、経済、金融、マーケティング、ビジネス、国際ビジネス、国際取引、歴史、社会学、観光、メディア、環境から産業、電気通信、半導体、IT、技術、情報セキュリティ、ネットワーキング、ソフトウェア、特許、機械、化学、科学、土木、建築等、あらゆる分野での翻訳サポートをする日本語、英語、その他の言語に精通する専門分野の校正者、翻訳のスペシャリストを確保しグローバル発信に対応。
Aaron Language Servicesでは、論文翻訳もサポートいたします。医療、医学、小児科、看護、卒業、法律、観光、科学論文を始め、環境、半導体、自動車の技術 ・ 研究論文、経済、政治、歴史、社会学、文学、ビジネス論文等の 学術論文において、各分野での専門知識を持った翻訳者やネイティブが論文翻訳、論文校正を担当し御希望にそった英語論文に仕上げます。
リーズナブルな料金で高品質な翻訳サービスを提供。
Aaron Language Servicesはグローバル体制で24時間対応。
（ なお、お支払いには日本国内の銀行口座をご利用いただけます ）。
At ALS, we are here to help you with your translation, writing, and editing needs in English, Japanese, French, German, Italian, and scores of other languages. We translate from English to Japanese and Japanese to English. We also translate to and from French, German, Italian, Spanish, Russian, Dutch, Greek, Finnish, Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, and many other languages. If you need translation or writing work done in any language, contact Aaron Language Services so your important messages will communicate what you want them to communicate.
In addition to the reading selections at our site like this one about Rosa Parks, our web site also offers a wide variety of other resources for students and people interested in English and translation. English language students interested in writing English compositions should take a look at the many composition assignments at our site. Each composition assignment is based on a photograph, giving students a visual to work with when they write. Ten of our many compositions are listed below:
A child’s imagination
What is he riding?
Through the photographer's lens
Welcome to the garden
The gate
You are what you eat
Monkey Puzzle
In the distance
The squirrel
Dreaming
Our compositions assignments require writers to imagine, research, describe, brainstorm, and edit. While the assignments are not easy, doing them will help writers to practice and learn. You can reach our composition assignments from the menu on the main pages or from our site map. Our main composition assignment page lists all the assignments. Click on any assignment title to see the assignment and the photo. If you would like to look at our other resources, please look at our site map to discover what we offer.
このページの先頭へ
アーロン ランゲージ サービス(ＡＬＳ) Copyright 2006無断転載禁止。
|
